Table 2 Summary of adsorbents with mycotoxins mitigation effects^a

Zeolite

AFB₁

Decreased AFB₁ residue in duck meat by 65% significantly and numerically decreased AFB₁ residue in liver and egg.

[64]

Bentonite clay

AFB₁

Decreased liver AFB₁ residue by 41-87% when broilers fed AFB₁ in diet.

[65]

Sodium bentonite

AFB₁

Decreased liver AFB₁ residue by 62.5% when broilers fed AFB₁ in diet.

[66]

Modified maifanite

ZEN

Decreased ZEN residue in liver and muscle by 54.96% and 42.41% respectively at the dose of 1% when pig fed 1.11 mg/kg AFB₁ in diet.

[67]

Bentonite or montmorillonite

AFB₁, ZEN

Decreased rumen concentration of AFB₁ and ZEN, decreased AFM₁ in milk and ZEN in feces.

[68]

Organo-clay composites

AFB₁

Decreased AFB₁ concentrations in liver, kidney and plasma significantly in chickens.

[69]

Tri-octahedral bentonite

DON, ZEN

Adsorbed more than 90% of ZEN and FB₁ while the adsorption dose up to 0.20%, w/v.

[70]

Pillared montmorillonite

DON

Adsorbed 14.7-23.4% and 21.8-27.4% of DON at at pH 2.0 and pH 6.8.

[71]

Nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether modified montmorillonites

AFB₁, ZEN

The adsorption capacities of modified montmorillonites to AFB₁ and ZEN increased up to 2.78 and 8.54 mg/g respectively from 0.51 and 0.00 mg/g by the raw montmorillonite.

[72]

Hydrated sodium calcium alumino silicate

AFB₁, FB₁

Adsorbed AFB₁and FB₁ in an aqueous solution, and the adsorption ratio ranged from 95.3% to 99.1% and 84.7% to 92.4%, respectively.

[73]

Modified Hydrated sodium calcium alumino silicate

DON

Reduced the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.

[16]

Esterified glucomannan

AFs, ZEN, DON

Adsorbed 95%, 80% and 12% of aflatoxin, ZEN and DON.

[73, 74]

Inactivated yeast cell wall and low Yeast fermenting volatile organic compound

AFs, DON

Decreased AFs and DON synthesis by 82% and 93% respectively.

[75]

Distillers' wet grain, distillers' dried grains and distillers' dried grain with solubles

DON, ZEN

Adsorbed 48.9% and 67.9% of DON and ZEN (1 ppm each) using 5 g/L of micronized (20 mkm) yeast mass at 37 °C for 1h.

[76]

Yeast cell wall extract

ZEN

Adsorbed 40% of the total ZEN content in the intestines in monogastric animals.

[77, 78]

Activated charcoal

AFB₁, ZEN

Reduced the toxicity of AFB₁ on broilers and decreased the absorption rate of ZEN in small intestine from 32% to 5% when adding 2%.

[79, 80]

Cholestyramine

ZEN

Decreased the absorption rate of ZEN in small intestine from 32% to 16%.

[80]

Magnetic carbon nanocomposites

AFB₁

Adsorbed nearly 90% of AFB₁ within 180 min at pH 7.0.

[81]

Cross-lined chitosan polymers

AFB₁, ZEN, FB₁, DON

Adsorbed 73% AFB₁, 94% ZEN and 99% FB₁, but the adsorption ratio of DON less than 30%.

[82]

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

ZEN

Adsorbed 2.1 mg/g of ZEN.

[83]

Lactobacillus casei

AFB₁

Reduced the absorption of aflatoxin in the intestinal tract significantly.

[84]

Lactobacillus plantarum F22

AFB₁

Adsorbed 56.8% of AFB₁.

[85]

Lactobacillus plantarum B7

FB₁

Adsorbed 52.9% of FB₁.

[86]

Lactobacillus pentosus X8

FB₁

Adsorbed 58% of FB₁.

[86]