Fig. 5

The impacts of GBE on cecal microbiota of HFD-induced FLHS laying hens. A The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota in different groups. Data were analyzed by nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test. B Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of cecal microbiota in different groups. PCoA plots were generated using OUT abundance data according to the Bray–Curtis distance, and statistical significance was measured using adonis analysis. C–E Gut microbial co-occurrence network analysis based on core genus (average relative abundance > 0.1% in the ND, HFD and HFD_GBE groups). Different colors of nodes indicate different phylum levels. Edges represent significant correlations (P < 0.05). F–G Differences in the bacterial communities between different groups at the genus level. Significant differences in Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (P < 0.05) were produced between groups (Wilcoxon’s test). The threshold of the logarithmic LDA score was 2.0. H Spearman’s correlation analysis between related indicators of metabolic disorders and cecal microbes at the genus level: ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001. Red represents positive correlations and blue represents negative correlations. n = 10 hens per group