Table 5 Concentration of amino acids, hormones, and fatty acids in the bovine blood plasma

Essential amino acids (µg/g of amino acids)

Arginine

13.24−33

[75, 76]

Isoleucine

10.75−33.5

Histidine

4.65−42

Leucine

15.20−93.4

Lysine

9.21−74.7

Methionine

3.28−8.6

Phenylalanine

14.70−51.6

Threonine

7.03−66

Tryptophan

11.8−19.40

Valine

22.26−67.3

Hormones (ng/mL in blood plasma)

INS

0.35 (puberty), 0.416−0.625 (pregnancy−lactation), 0.25−0.5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)

[77, 78]

CORT

9 (pregnancy), 3−5 (lactation), 5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)

[79,80,81]

P4

0.5−3.5 (lactation), 4.5−6.5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)

[81, 82]

E1

3.5 (pregnancy), 0.05 (lactation)

[83]

E2

0.55 (pregnancy), 0.025 (lactation), 0.5−0.8 (5 d before the onset of lactation)

[83]

PRL

50 (5 d before the onset of lactation)

[78, 79, 84]

Fatty acids (µg/g of fatty acids)

Myristic acid (14:0)

7.7−10.2

[85,86,87]

Palmitic acid (16:0)

120−209

[85,86,87]

Palmitoleic acid (16:1)

25.4−58

[85, 86]

Stearic acid (18:0)

154.6−188

[85,86,87]

Oleic acid (18:1)

86.5−149.6

[85,86,87]

Linoleic acid (18: 2n-6)

280.2−376

[85,86,87]

Docosahexaenoic acid (n-3)

10.3−34.2

[85, 86]

Arachidonic acid (n-6)

414−421

[85, 86]

SFA

402−405

[85, 86]

MUFA

141−174

[85, 86]

PUFA

425−456

[85, 86]