Table 4 Effect of phytobiotics on intestinal morphology of broiler birds

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide at 400 mg/kg diet

NS

**

**

NS

**

**

**

**

**

[10]

POS (pectin oligosaccharide; 80 mg/kg Zn + 482 mg/kg) and Zn-POS chelate (80 mg/kg)

**

**

NS

**

**

NS

**

**

NS

[25]

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS; 100 mg/kg) and gamma-irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides (600 mg/kg)

**

NS

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

**

[26]

Microencapsulated turmeric by maltodextrin: 1, 2, or 3 g/kg diet

**

**

**

NS

NS

NS

**

**

**

[34]

Polysaccharides: Astragalus membranaceus (300 mg/kg), or Glycyrrhiza uralencis (150 mg/kg)

**

**

**

NS

NS

**

**

**

[56]

EO (basil, caraway, laurel, lemon, oregano, sage, tea, and thyme) at 100 mg/kg

**

**

NS

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

[84]

Sanguinarine (from Macleaya cordata) at 0.7 mg/kg diet

**

**

NS

NS

**

**

**

**

**

[120]

Dendrobium officinale leaves at 0, 1%, 5% or 10%

**

**

**

**

NS

NS

**

**

NS

[156]

Terminalia Chebula extract at 0, 200, 400 or 600 mg/kg

**

**

**

**

NS

NS

**

NS

**

[160]

Ethanol extract of elecampane (Inula helenium L.) rhizome at 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg

NE

**

**

NE

NS

**

NE

**

**

[163]

Anthocyanin-rich roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract at 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg

**

**

**

NS

NS

**

**

NS

**

[164]

Ilicis chinesis folium extract (powder) at 0, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg

**

NS

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

[168]

Combination of 100/200 mg of CEO (cinnamon EO) and 16.7/33.3 mg of BLF (Bamboo leaf flavonoid)/kg

NS

NS

NS

**

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

[172]

Fenugreek extract at 50 or 100 mg/kg

NE

**

NS

NE

NS

**

NE

**

**

[183]

Plant extract (curcuma, chamomile, licorice and olive leaf) at 500–1,000 mg/kg

**

**

**

**

NS

NS

**

**

**

[185]

Blend of oregano essential oil (OEO) and GLM (glycerol monolaurate) at 0, 0.15%, 0.45%, or 0.75%

**

**

**

**

**

**

NE

NE

NE

[188]

Coconut husk extract at 100, 400 or 700 ppm

NS

NS

**

**

NS

**

**

NS

**

[189]