Usnic acid and tannic acid as inhibitors of coccidia and Clostridium perfringens: alleviating necrotic enteritis and improving intestinal health in broiler chickens

Table 1 Ingredients and nutrient composition of the chicken feed used during the trial

Item	Starter (d 0–14)	Grower (d 15–28)	Finisher (d 29–35 to 42)
Ingredient, %
Corn	54.12	58.00	61.79
Soybean meal	32.45	28.00	25.68
Corn gluten meal	5.00	4.00	2.50
Soybean oil	3.00	4.62	4.50
Wheat flour	0.90	0.90	1.05
Calcium hydrogen phosphate	2.00	1.95	1.85
Stone powder	1.00	1.00	1.07
Sodium chloride	0.30	0.30	0.30
L-Lysine hydrochloride (78%)	0.30	0.30	0.36
DL-Methionine (98%)	0.25	0.25	0.19
Threonine	0.10	0.10	0.10
Arginine	0.04	0.04	0.06
Choline chloride (50%)	0.20	0.20	0.20
Mineral premix¹	0.20	0.20	0.20
Vitamin premix²	0.03	0.03	0.03
Phytase 10000	0.01	0.01	0.02
Zeolite	0.10	0.10	0.10
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrient content³
Metabolic energy, MJ/kg	12.51	12.97	12.97
Crude protein, %	22.39	20.12	18.5
Lysine, %	1.29	1.17	1.14
Methionine, %	0.61	0.57	0.48
Cystine, %	0.93	0.86	0.75
Threonine, %	0.92	0.83	0.77
Calcium, %	1.08	1.05	1.03
Available phosphorus, %	0.44	0.42	0.40

¹Composition per kg of mineral premix: copper, 8 g; iron, 40 g; zinc, 55 g; manganese, 60 g; iodine, 750 mg; selenium, 150 mg; and cobalt, 250 mg
²Composition per kg of vitamin premix: vitamin A, 50 million IU; vitamin D₃, 12 million IU; vitamin E, 100,000 IU; vitamin K₃, 10 g; vitamin B₁, 8 g; vitamin B₂, 32 g; vitamin B₆, 12 g; vitamin B₁₂, 100 mg; niacin, 150 g; D-pantothenic acid, 46 g; folic acid, 5 g; biotin, 500 mg
³Values calculated on the basis of the experimental diet analysis

ISSN: 2049-1891